Impact of interfacility transfer of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm patients.

OBJECTIVE: The interfacility transfer (IT) of patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) occurs not infrequently to allow for a higher level of care. In the present study, we evaluated, using a contemporary administrative database, the effects of IT on mortality after rAAA repair. METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Database for New York (2016) and New Jersey, Maryland, and Florida (2016-2017) was queried using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition, to identify patients who had undergone open or endovascular repair of AAAs. The hospitals were categorized into quartiles (Qs) per overall volume. The mortality rates for IT vs nontransferred (NT) rAAA patients stratified by treatment modality (open aneurysm repair of an rAAA [rOAR] vs endovascular aneurysm repair of an rAAA [rEVAR]) were compared. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1476 patients had presented with a rAAA, of whom 673 (45.7%) were not treated. Of the remaining 803 patients, 226 (28.1%) were transferred, of whom 50 (22.1%) had died without repair after IT. The remaining 753 patients (IT, n = 176; NT, n = 576) had undergone rEVAR (n = 492) or rOAR (n = 261). The baseline characteristics were similar between the IT and NT patients, except for a greater proportion of black patients (P = .03), lower income families (P = .049), and rOAR (45.5% vs 31.4%; P = .001) for the IT patients. The overall mortality rates were similar between the NT (30.2%) and IT (27.3%) groups (P = .46). The subgroup analysis revealed that the operative mortality rates after rEVAR were similar between the NT and IT patients, without significant differences among the hospital quartiles. After rOAR, however, the operative mortality rates were lower for the IT patients, largely owing to improved outcomes in the Q4 hospitals (Q4 vs Q1-Q3, P = .001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age (HR, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.06; P = .02) and treatment at a low-volume hospital (Q1-Q3; HR, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.51; P = .04) were predictors of mortality. The total charges were similar (IT, $286,727; vs NT, $265,717; P = .38). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study have shown that <30% of rAAA patients deemed a candidate for repair will be transferred. We found that IT did not affect the mortality rates after rEVAR, irrespective of the hospital volume. For rOAR candidates, however, regionalization of care with prompt transfer to a high-volume center could improve the survival benefits without increased healthcare costs.

Elevated Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio is Associated with Worse Outcomes after Carotid Endarterectomy in Asymptomatic Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Management of carotid artery stenosis (CAS) remains controversial and proper patient selection critical. Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poor outcomes after vascular procedures. The effect of NLR on outcomes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients is assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients between 2010 and 2018 with carotid stenosis >70% as defined by CREST 2 criteria. A total of 922 patients were identified, of whom 806 were treated with CEA and 116 non-operatively with best medical therapy (BMT). Of patients undergoing CEA, 401 patients (290 asymptomatic [aCEA], 111 symptomatic [sCEA]) also had an available NLR calculated from a complete blood count with differential. All patients treated with BMT were asymptomatic and had a baseline NLR available. Kaplan-Meier analysis assessed composite ipsilateral stroke or death over 3 years. RESULTS: In sCEA group, the 3-year composite stroke/death rates did not differ between NLR < 3.0 (22.9%) vs NLR > 3.0 (38.1%) (P=.10). In aCEA group, patients with a baseline NLR >3.0 had an increased risk of 3-year stroke/death (42.6%) compared to both those with NLR <3.0 (9.3%, P<.0001) and those treated with BMT (23.6%, P=.003). In patients with NLR <3.0, aCEA showed a superior benefit over BMT with regard to stroke or death (9.3% vs. 26.2%, P=.02). However, in patients with NLR >3.0, there was no longer a benefit to prophylactic CEA compared to BMT (42.6% vs. 22.2%, P=.05). Multivariable analysis identified NLR >3.0 (HR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.93-5.42; P<.001) and congestive heart failure (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.33-3.58; P=.002) as independent risk factors for stroke/death in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: NLR >3.0 is associated with an increased risk of late stroke/death after prophylactic CEA for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis, with benefits not superior to BMT. NLR may be used to help with selecting asymptomatic patients for CEA. The effect of NLR and outcomes in symptomatic patients requires further study. Better understanding of the mechanism(s) for NLR elevation and medical intervention strategies are needed to modulate outcome risk in these patients.

Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is associated with decreased amputation-free survival after femoropopliteal percutaneous revascularization.

BACKGROUND: An elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a biomarker associated with adverse outcomes after cardiovascular surgery. This study evaluates the association of preoperative NLR with clinical outcomes after peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) of the femoropopliteal segments. METHODS: A retrospective review identified 488 patients who underwent percutaneous interventions of femoropopliteal arteries between 2011 and 2018 and had a pre-procedural complete blood count with differential with normal white blood cell count within 30 days prior to intervention. Amputation-free survival (AFS), survival, and freedom from major amputation were assessed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cohorts of patients with NLR <3 (Low), 3-4 (Mid), and >4 (High) were compared using univariate and multivariable statistical models. In these analyses NLR was analyzed as a continuous variable to correlate with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Mean age was 71.7±12.8 years and males constituted 55.5%. The majority of patients presented with chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI, 78.5%). Increasing NLR was correlated with increasing rates of comorbidities, except for smoking history. The 30-day mortality rates increased with increasing NLR: 1.4%, 4.3%, and 7.0% for low (<3), mid (3-4) and high (>4) NLR groups, respectively (P=0.005). Patients with a lower pre-operative NLR achieved significantly greater amputation-free survival at 4-year follow-up: low NLR, 65.5%; mid NLR, 37.5%; and high NLR, 17.6% (P<0.0001). By multivariable analysis, increasing NLR, advanced age, CLTI, and dialysis-dependent renal failure reduced AFS. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated NLR is an independent predictor of decreased AFS following percutaneous interventions of femoropopliteal segments. Further research on identification and modulation of risk factors for high NLR are warranted.

Synergistic effects of proanthocyanidin, tri-calcium phosphate and fluoride on artificial root caries and dentine collagen.

BACKGROUND: Proanthocyanidin has been shown to enhance dentine collagen stability and remineralization of artificial root caries. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) in combination with tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) and fluoride (F) on resistance to collagen degradation and remineralization of artificial caries lesions. METHODS: Demineralized root fragments (n=75) were randomly divided into five groups based on treatments: (i) 6.5% PA, (ii) TCP+F, (iii) TCP+F+6.5% PA, (iv) 1000ppm fluoride (Positive control) and (v) deionized water (control). Each specimen was subjected to pH cycling at 37o C for 8days. Lesion depth and mineral loss were evaluated using microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The type of crystal formation was determined by XRD spectra. To evaluate the stability of root caries lesions against collagenase challenge, highly purified type VII collagenase from Clostridium was added to obtain a remineralizing solution that contained 7.5U/mL collagenase and pH cycling was repeated. The different remineralizing solutions were collected after the pH cycling to assess the amount of hydroxyproline release. Collagen degradation depth and lesion depth were evaluated using transverse microradiography. Resistance to collagen degradation was determined using hydroxyproline assay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests. RESULTS: Results of one-way ANOVA showed that the test solutions had a significant effect on mineral loss (p<0.001) and lesion depth (p<0.001) of artificial root caries. The lowest lesion depth and mineral loss were observed in the TCP+F+PA (p<0.05) group. The XRD patterns showed hydroxyapatite formation on TCP+F-treated artificial caries lesions, which were not altered by the addition of PA. The addition of PA to TCP+F significantly reduced collagen degradation depth, when compared to TCP only group (p<0.001). Lesion depth was the lowest in the PA and TCP+F+PA groups following collagenase degradation (p<0.001). The addition of PA to TCP+F also decreased hydroxyproline release, when compared to TCP+F group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The addition of PA to TCP+F reduced collagen degradation, inhibited demineralization and enhanced remineralization.

Retroauricular cutaneous advancement flap.

BACKGROUND: Excisional surgery of the ear, such as that following a skin cancer excision, often produces a smaller ear postoperatively. OBJECTIVE: This article describes the various uses of a retroauricular cutaneous advancement flap to repair surgical defects of the ear following a skin cancer excision, without miniaturising the ear. DISCUSSION: A retroauricular cutaneous advancement flap is an option for patients who require cosmetically satisfying reconstruction of the ear post skin cancer excision. The technique can avoid the miniaturisation of the ear that may occur with other techniques.

Transgene methylation in mice reflects copy number but not expression level.

In mammals, CpG methylation is one of the mechanisms of epigenetic control over the linear sequence of bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); about 70% of CpG dinucleotides are methylated. The actual signal that triggers DNA methylation is not known, although repetitive DNA has been shown to be an attractive template for DNA methylases. To address methylation events associated with transgenic copy number, we have analyzed transgenes that are actively transcribed in a tissue-specific manner. We have compared gross transgene methylation by restriction-enzyme digestion in expressing and nonexpressing tissues. The observed pattern suggests that the DNA methylation machinery can recognize repeated genomic sequences independently of their transcriptional activity.